Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is a process for drying heat-sensitive substances such as foods, blood plasma, and antibiotics. The wet substance is frozen and then through sublimation ice or some other frozen solvent is removed in the...
Boiling flow is an example of phase transition initiated by raising the temperature of a liquid above its saturation temperature. It is possible to accomplish this in many ways; in this example by applying an external heat flux to a solid...
Emulsions consist of small liquid droplets immersed in an immiscible liquid and widely occur in the production of food, cosmetics, fine chemicals, and pharmaceutical products. The quality of the product is typically dependent on the size...
In massive forming processes like rolling or extrusion, metal alloys are deformed in a hot solid state with material flowing under ideally plastic conditions. Such processes can be simulated effectively using computational fluid dynamics,...
The rotating machinery application mode makes it possible to model moving rotating parts in for example stirred tanks, mixers and pumps. This model exemplifies this in the Chemical Engineering Module. The application mode takes care...
The accompanying models demonstrates how to model forced turbulent convection cooling with COMSOL Multiphysics. Two different approaches are demonstrated. The first one uses the K-epsilon Turbulent Flow application mode of the...
In this example, a fluid carrying several chemical components is pumped into a detector compartment. A wire in the center of the detector is heated through Joule heating, which is supposed to detect changes in density through convective...
This model shows the application of COMSOL Multiphysics in the modeling of non-isothermal laminar flow of fluids (in this case a gas). The model assumes that the expansion work done by the gas is negligible, that the variations in...
Wastewater treatment is a several-step process for removing contaminants. Firstly, large, solid particles are removed through sedimentation, flotation, and filtration. And then in a second step, biological treatment causes the smaller...
Large-scale reactors are usually made from stationary parts, often involving baffles. They make use of the baffled- imposed turbulence to provide mixing within the reactor. Yet, such reactors need to be optimized as too much baffling can...